02Class 11 Biology
Biological Classification short notes
Short notes on the five-kingdom system: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, plus viruses and lichens.
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Five kingdoms
- R. H. Whittaker proposed the system in 1969, based on cell structure, body organisation, nutrition, reproduction and evolutionary relationships.
Monera
- All are prokaryotes. Archaebacteria live in harsh places, such as methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles.
- Cyanobacteria photosynthesise and some fix nitrogen in heterocysts.
- Mycoplasmas have no cell wall and are the smallest living cells.
Protista
- Single-celled eukaryotes. Groups: chrysophytes (diatoms), dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime moulds and protozoans.
- Diatoms have walls with silica, which forms diatomaceous earth.
- Dinoflagellates such as Gonyaulax can cause red tides.
- Euglenoids have a protein pellicle in place of a cell wall.
- Plasmodium, the malaria parasite, is a sporozoan protozoan.
Fungi
- Heterotrophs with chitin in the wall.
- Phycomycetes such as Mucor and Rhizopus, ascomycetes such as Penicillium and yeast, basidiomycetes such as mushrooms, and deuteromycetes (imperfect fungi).
- Most ascomycete spores are ascospores, and basidiomycete spores are basidiospores.
Viruses and lichens
- Viruses are non-cellular, with a protein coat and either DNA or RNA, and they need a host to reproduce.
- Viroids are free RNA with no protein coat. Prions are infectious proteins.
- Lichens are a partnership of algae and fungi, and they're sensitive to pollution.
Where students slip up
- Calling cyanobacteria algae. Though once called blue-green algae, they're prokaryotes.
- Saying fungi have cellulose walls. Most have chitin.
- Forgetting yeast is a unicellular fungus.
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