05Class 11 Biology
Morphology of Flowering Plants short notes
Short notes on roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits, plus the three plant families you need to know. Learn the floral formulas as you go.
Free from Anva, anvatechlabs.com
Root, stem and leaf
- Tap roots are typical of dicots, and fibrous roots of monocots.
- Root regions: root cap, meristematic zone, elongation zone and maturation zone with root hairs.
- Modified roots include storage roots (carrot, turnip), prop roots (banyan), stilt roots (maize) and pneumatophores (Rhizophora).
- Modified stems include rhizome (ginger), tuber (potato), corm (Colocasia), and bulb (onion).
- Phyllotaxy can be alternate (China rose), opposite (Calotropis) or whorled (Alstonia).
- Venation is usually reticulate in dicots, and parallel in monocots.
Flower
- Hypogynous: superior ovary, as in mustard. Perigynous: half-inferior, as in plum and rose. Epigynous: inferior, as in guava and cucumber.
- Aestivation can be valvate (Calotropis), twisted (China rose), imbricate (Gulmohar) or vexillary (pea).
- Placentation can be marginal (pea), axile (China rose), parietal (mustard), free central (Dianthus) or basal (sunflower).
Fruit and seed
- A true fruit develops from the ovary only, and a false fruit also includes other parts, as in apple.
- A parthenocarpic fruit forms without fertilisation, as in banana.
- In maize, the endosperm is large, and its single cotyledon is called the scutellum.
Families
- Fabaceae: vexillary aestivation, marginal placentation, and diadelphous stamens. Examples: pea, gram.
- Solanaceae: united sepals and petals, epipetalous stamens, swollen placenta. Examples: tomato, brinjal, potato.
- Liliaceae: a monocot family with six tepals in two whorls, and axile placentation. Examples: onion, tulip, Aloe.
Where students slip up
- Calling potato a root. It's a modified stem, with eyes that are nodes.
- Mixing up the ovary positions of mustard, plum and guava.
- Mixing up the placentation types, since they're asked with examples.
Try it on your weakest chapter.
7 days free when you sign up. No card needed.