03Class 11 Biology
Plant Kingdom short notes
Short notes on algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, and their life cycles. Comparison tables are popular in NEET.
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Algae
- Green algae (Chlorophyceae): chlorophyll a and b, store starch. Examples: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Ulothrix.
- Brown algae (Phaeophyceae): fucoxanthin, store laminarin and mannitol. Examples: Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.
- Red algae (Rhodophyceae): r-phycoerythrin, store floridean starch. Examples: Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracilaria.
- Agar comes from Gelidium and Gracilaria, and algin from brown algae.
Bryophytes
- Called the amphibians of the plant kingdom. They need water for fertilisation.
- The main plant body is the haploid gametophyte, and the sporophyte depends on it.
- Liverworts include Marchantia, and mosses include Funaria and Sphagnum.
Pteridophytes
- The first land plants with vascular tissue, xylem and phloem.
- The main plant body is the sporophyte. Most are homosporous, while Selaginella and Salvinia are heterosporous.
- Examples include Selaginella, Equisetum, Dryopteris and Adiantum.
Seed plants
- Gymnosperms have naked seeds, with no ovary. Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo.
- Angiosperms have seeds enclosed in fruits, and show double fertilisation.
Life cycles
- Haplontic: the gametophyte dominates, as in most algae.
- Diplontic: the sporophyte dominates, as in seed plants.
- Haplo-diplontic: both are multicellular, as in bryophytes, pteridophytes, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia.
Where students slip up
- Mixing up the dominant generation. It's the gametophyte in bryophytes, and the sporophyte in pteridophytes.
- Calling Selaginella homosporous. It's heterosporous.
- Mixing up the stored food of the three algae groups.
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