03Class 12 Biology
Reproductive Health short notes
Short notes on population, contraception, STDs and infertility. The methods and their examples are asked directly.
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Reproductive health
- India was among the first countries to start action plans for reproductive health, in 1951.
- RCH programmes aim to improve awareness and care.
- Amniocentesis tests the fetus's chromosomes, and using it to find sex is banned.
Contraception
- Natural: periodic abstinence, withdrawal, and lactational amenorrhoea.
- Barrier: condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and vaults. Condoms also protect against STIs.
- IUDs: non-medicated (Lippes loop), copper-releasing (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375), and hormone-releasing (Progestasert, LNG-20).
- Oral pills contain progestogen or a progestogen-estrogen mix. Saheli is a once-a-week non-steroidal pill.
- Surgical: vasectomy in men, and tubectomy in women.
MTP and infections
- MTP was legalised in India in 1971, and is safest in the first trimester.
- STIs include gonorrhoea, syphilis, chlamydiasis, genital herpes, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis B and HIV.
- Hepatitis B, genital herpes and HIV aren't fully curable.
Infertility and ART
- IVF then ET: fertilisation outside the body, followed by embryo transfer.
- ZIFT: a zygote or early embryo with up to 8 blastomeres goes into the fallopian tube.
- IUT: an embryo with more than 8 blastomeres goes into the uterus.
- GIFT: an ovum goes into the fallopian tube, of a woman who can't produce ova.
- ICSI: a sperm is injected directly into the ovum.
- AI: semen is introduced artificially, and IUI places it into the uterus.
Where students slip up
- Mixing up ZIFT and IUT, since the difference is the number of blastomeres.
- Saying pills protect against STIs. Only barrier methods such as condoms do.
- Mixing up vasectomy and tubectomy.
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